ABSTRACT The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of Flammulinavelutipes stem base (FVS) on growth performance, microbial flora and volatile fatty acids of growing layers under heat stress condition. A total of 72 ISA Brown hens were randomly divided into six treatments: thermoneutral temperature control group (CON), heat stress control group (HS), heat stress antibiotic group (ANT) as positive control and heat stress FVS groups (20, 40 or 60 g/kg FVS). The experimental period had a duration of 28 d (days 84-112). On day 98, daily gain average was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the FVS groups than in the HS group. The number of bands in the FVS groups were higher (p<0.05) than in the HS group on day 98. The microbial similarity between the 60 g/kg FVS group and the HS group were the lowest on day 98. FVS group’s specific bacteria were mainly Coprococcus comes, [Clostridium] papyrosolvens, Butyricicoccuspullicaecorumon day 98. Whereas on day 112, the FVS groups specific bacteria were mainly Parabacteroides distasonis, Coprobacterfastidiosus, Elusimicrobiumminutum. The content of acetic acid and butyric acid were higher (p<0.05) in 20 g/kg FVS group than in the CON group on day 112. In conclusion, FVS can lighten the adverse effect of heat stress by increasing the diversity of intestinal flora in growing layers.

ABSTRACT The process of solid circulation in an internally circulating fluidized bed (ICFB) having two or more chambers can be developed by applying unequal gas velocities in these chambers. Such a process is beneficial to several applications and provides the means for the energy transfer between the chambers in the ICFB. In this paper, a multi-fluid CFD model incorporating the kinetic theory of granular flow is used to simulate the hydrodynamic characteristics of a binary mixture of particles in an ICFB using ANSYS-Fluent software. The mixture is composed of two particles of different sizes but the same densities. The ICFB has two chambers named the reaction chamber (RC) and the heat exchange chamber (HEC), separated by a vertical central baffle. An increase in the RC gas velocity UR at constant HEC gas velocity UH results in an increase in the circulation rate of the binary mixture. The circulation rate of small particles GBs is found to be higher than that of the big particles GBb. Increasing the slot size causes a decrease in the pressure difference between the chambers and consequently decreasing the solid circulation rate in the ICFB. The mixture circulation rate also decreases when the mixture is richer in GBb particles than in GBs.

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an anthropozoonotic disease with worldwide distribution and is caused by the cestode Echinococcus granulosus. Anaphylactic shock induced by CE rupture is a serious complication especially in patients with hydatid infections, as the resulting leakage of fluid contains highly toxic endogenous antigen. We aimed to isolate and identify the antigens of specific IgE and IgG1 (sIgE and sIgG1) in E. granulosus cyst fluid (EgCF). Crude antigen for EgCF was prepared from E. granulosus-infected sheep liver. Antigens were separated and identified by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1D SDS-PAGE), two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), and immunoblotting. Results of 1D SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting showed that 40.5 kDa protein was the major antigen of sIgE, and 35.5 kDa protein was the major antigen of sIgG1 in EgCF. Results of 2-DE and immunoblotting showed that main antigens of sIgE in EgCF were four proteins with pI values ranging from 6.5 to 9.0 and a molecular weight of 40.5 kDa. Main antigens of sIgG1 in EgCF were five proteins with pI values ranging from 6.5 to 9.0 and a molecular weight of 35.5 kDa. The antigens identified for sIgE and sIgG1 can provide critical insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying anaphylactic shock induced by CE.

This paper presents a study of the amidoxime/Europium (ІІІ)-chelated complex (AECC) fibers which can be used as functional fibers for technical textiles such as decorations, protections and medical textiles etc. First, the EuCl3solution were prepared and reacted with amidoxime fibers using optimized process conditions at 50 °C, 5 hours. Subsequently, the morphology, element analysis, fluorescence and mechanical properties of the AECC fibers were systematically investigated. Finally, the effects of different pH values and temperature on the content of Eu (III) complexes fiber were studied, respectively. The results showed that the AECC fibers possess enhanced fluorescence intensity and good mechanical properties. The results also illustrated that coordination reaction was identified between Eu (III) ions and amidoxime fiber and the electronic energy of C1s, O1s, N1s and Eu (III) ions in amidoxime fibers has significant changes compared to original fibers. The fluorescence emission bands of the AECC fibers were observed when the excitation wavelength λ equal to 380 nm. In conclusion, this study provided a theoretical basis for the preparation and practical application of fluorescent fibers.

ABSTRACT DNA polymerase eta (Pol η) is one of several Y family translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerases in humans and plays an important role in maintaining genome stability after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, as it carries out error-free TLS at sites of UV-induced lesions. We performed site-directed mutagenesis of human polymerase η gene (Y52E), confirmed by sequencing, then cloned wild-type mutant and POLH genes into the eukaryotic vector pEGFP-N1. After transfecting wild-type and mutant plasmids into HaCaT keratinocytes, we tested for UV-induced cis-syn cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPDs) DNA lesions, and analysed cellular viability by MTT cell proliferation assay. The results showed that CPD levels decreased with empty vector control (EVC), wild-type POLH and Y52E-POLH over 48 hours post-UV irradiation with 0.1 mW/cm2 UVB for 15 minutes (p = 0.025). The rate in CPD reduction of mutant POLH was less than in wild-type POLH. Cell viabilities of all three groups increased over 48 hours after UV irradiation, with the increased rate in the wild-type being higher than for mutant protein (p = 0.046). We conclude that Y52E POLH has reduced capacity to bypass UV-induced DNA lesions in HaCaT cells.

RESUMEN La ADN polimerasa eta (Pol η) es una de las varias polimerasas de la familia Y en los seres humanos, que hace posible la síntesis de translesión (TLS), y desempeña un papel en el mantenimiento de la estabilidad del genoma luego de una radiación UV, ya que lleva a cabo TLS libre de errores en los sitios de las lesiones inducidas por rayos UV. Realizamos mutagénesis de sitio dirigido, del gen η (Y52E) de la polimerasa humana, confirmada por secuenciación, y entonces clonamos genes POHL y genes mutantes de tipo salvaje, transformándolos en un vector eucariótico pEGFP-N1. Después de transfectar los plásmidos de tipo salvaje y mutantes en queratinocitos HaCaT, realizamos pruebas buscando las lesiones dímero de pirimidina cis-syn ciclobutano (CPD) del ADN, inducidas por UV, y analizamos la viabilidad celular mediante ensayo de proliferación de células MTT. Los resultados mostraron que los niveles de CPD disminuían con el control de vector vacío (EVC), el gen POHL de tipo salvaje, y el POHL Y52E, en 48 horas de post irradiación de UV con 0.1 mW/cm2 UVB durante 15 min (p = 0. 025). La tasa de reducción del CPD del mutante POHL fue menor que en el POHL de tipo salvaje. Las viabilidades celulares de los tres grupos aumentaron a las 48 horas después de la irradiación con UV, con un incremento de la tasa del tipo salvaje con respecto de la proteína mutante (p = 0.046). Concluimos que el POHL Y52E ha reducido la capacidad para reparar por bypass replicativo las lesiones del ADN inducidas por la luz ultravioleta en células HaCaT.

The microbial residues, due to their closely connection with humic substances (HS), aroused our considerable interest. The method of shake-flask in liquid culture was adopt to accumulate them, in which the cellulose served as the sole C source. The microbial suspensions including Trichoderma viride (Tv), Aspergillus niger (An), Penicillium (P) and mixed strains (Ms) were inoculated into the cellulose culture fluid respectively. The incubation was performed for 70 days at a constant temperature of 28 °C. The results showed that different microbial treatments had different effects on the C turnover in the cellulose fluid, among which Ms performed the most effective role in accumulating microbial residue and consuming organic C of cell metabolic product, Tv followed. As compared to cellulose, large amounts of inorganic N in the fluid could be transferred into the organic N components of residue. In the mean time, the proportion of aromatic rings could be increased at the cost of losing O-containing groups. Specifically, the degrees of condensation were enhanced by Tv and An, however their degrees of oxidation were inhibited. On the contrary, the P and Ms treatments had a significant advantage in the oxydative degradation of cellulose. Although some intermediate products (polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, carboxylic groups and syringyl units etc.) of HS could be detected in the microbial residues treated by Tv and An, their organic molecules did not still achieve the polymerization degree of real HS.

With the ever-increasing wireless data application recently, considerable efforts have been focused on the design of distributed explicit rate scheme based on Network Utility Maximization (NUM) or wireless multi-hop mesh networks. This paper describes a novel wireless multi-hop multicast flow control scheme for wireless mesh networks via 802.11, which is based on the distributed self-turning Optimal Proportional plus Second-order Differential (OPSD) controller. The control scheme, which is located at the sources in the wireless multicast networks, can ensure short convergence time by regulating the transmission rate. We further analyze the theoretical aspects of the proposed algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed scheme in terms of fast response time, low packet loss and error ration.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the likely benefit of the interventions under consideration for use in Mongolia during future influenza pandemics. METHODS: A stochastic, compartmental patch model of susceptibility, exposure, infection and recovery was constructed to capture the key effects of several interventions - travel restrictions, school closure, generalized social distancing, quarantining of close contacts, treatment of cases with antivirals and prophylaxis of contacts - on the dynamics of influenza epidemics. The likely benefit and optimal timing and duration of each of these interventions were assessed using Latin-hypercube sampling techniques, averaging across many possible transmission and social mixing parameters. FINDINGS: Timely interventions could substantially alter the time-course and reduce the severity of pandemic influenza in Mongolia. In a moderate pandemic scenario, early social distancing measures decreased the mean attack rate from around 10% to 7-8%. Similarly, in a severe pandemic scenario such measures cut the mean attack rate from approximately 23% to 21%. In both moderate and severe pandemic scenarios, a suite of non-pharmaceutical interventions proved as effective as the targeted use of antivirals. Targeted antiviral campaigns generally appeared more effective in severe pandemic scenarios than in moderate pandemic scenarios. CONCLUSION: A mathematical model of pandemic influenza transmission in Mongolia indicated that, to be successful, interventions to prevent transmission must be triggered when the first cases are detected in border regions. If social distancing measures are introduced at this stage and implemented over several weeks, they may have a notable mitigating impact. In low-income regions such as Mongolia, social distancing may be more effective than the large-scale use of antivirals.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la eficacia posible de las intervenciones que están siendo estudiadas para ser aplicadas en Mongolia durante pandemias de gripe futuras. MÉTODOS: Se construyó un modelo de parche estocástico y compartimental de susceptibilidad, exposición, infección y recuperación para detectar los efectos clave de varias intervenciones (restricciones de viaje, cierre de colegios, distanciamiento social generalizado, cuarentena de contactos cercanos, tratamiento de casos con antivirales y profilaxis de los contactos) sobre la dinámica de las epidemias de gripe. Se evaluó el beneficio posible, así como la coordinación óptima y la duración de cada una de dichas intervenciones por medio de métodos de muestreo por hipercubo latino realizando un cálculo a través de numerosos parámetros posibles de transmisión y mezcla social. RESULTADOS: Las intervenciones oportunas pudieron reducir de manera considerable la evolución y gravedad de la gripe pandémica en Mongolia. En una hipótesis de pandemia moderada, las medidas tempranas de distanciamiento social disminuyeron la tasa de ataque de aproximadamente el 10% al 7-8%. De igual modo, en una hipótesis de pandemia grave, dichas medidas reducen la tasa media de ataque de aproximadamente el 23% al 21%. En ambas hipótesis de pandemia, tanto moderada como grave, las intervenciones no farmacéuticas demostraron ser tan efectivas como el uso focalizado de antivirales. Las campañas antivirales focalizadas parecieron por lo general más efectivas para las hipótesis de pandemia graves que para las hipótesis moderadas. CONCLUSIÓN: Un modelo matemático de transmisión de gripe pandémica en Mongolia indicó que, para que tengan éxito, las intervenciones para prevenir la transmisión deben ponerse en marcha en cuanto se detecten los primeros casos en regiones fronterizas. Las medidas de distanciamiento social podrían tener un impacto de mitigación notable si se introducen en esta fase y se aplican durante varias semanas En las regiones de ingresos bajos como Mongolia, el distanciamiento social podría ser más eficaz que el uso de antivirales a gran escala.

OBJECTIF: Évaluer le bénéfice probable des interventions à l'étude pour une utilisation en Mongolie lors des pandémies de grippes à venir MÉTHODES: Un modèle patch stochastique et compartimenté de la susceptibilité, de l'exposition, de l'infection et du rétablissement a été établi afin d'appréhender les effets clés de plusieurs interventions - restrictions de déplacement, fermeture d'école, éloignement social généralisé, mise en quarantaine des proches contacts, traitement des contacts par antiviraux et prophylaxies - sur les dynamiques des épidémies de grippe. Le bénéfice probable ainsi que le moment et la durée optimaux de chacune de ces interventions ont été évalués au moyen de techniques d'échantillonnage latin hypercube, en calculant la moyenne de nombreux paramètres de transmission possible et de mixité sociale. RÉSULTATS: Les interventions effectuées à temps ont permis de réduire significativement la progression et la gravité de la grippe pandémique en Mongolie. En cas de scénario pandémique modéré, des mesures précoces d'éloignement social ont diminué le taux d'attaque moyen d'environ 10% à 7-8%. De même, en cas de scénario pandémique grave, de telles mesures diminuent le taux d'attaque moyen d'environ 23% à 21%. En cas de scénario pandémique tant grave que modéré, une série d'interventions non pharmaceutiques se sont révélées aussi efficaces qu'une utilisation ciblée d'antiviraux. Les campagnes ciblées sur les antiviraux se révèlent généralement plus efficaces en cas de scénario pandémique grave qu'en cas de scénario pandémique modéré. CONCLUSION: Un modèle mathématique de la transmission de la grippe pandémique en Mongolie indique que, pour être efficaces, les interventions visant à prévenir la transmission doivent être déclenchées dès la détection des premiers cas dans les régions frontalières. Si des mesures d'éloignement social sont introduites à ce stade-là et appliquées durant plusieurs semaines, leur impact réductionnel pourra être significatif. Dans des régions à faible revenu telles que la Mongolie, l'éloignement social peut être plus efficace qu'une consommation d'antiviraux à grande échelle.

Energy from the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine is used to power an absorption refrigeration system to air-condition an ordinary passenger car. The theoretical design is verified by a unit that is tested under both laboratory and road-test conditions. For the latter, the unit is installed in a Nissan 1400 truck and the results indicate a successful prototype and encouraging prospects for future development.

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urothelium is often multifocal and subsequent tumors may occur anywhere in the urinary tract after the treatment of a primary carcinoma. Patients initially presenting a bladder cancer are at significant risk of developing metachronous tumors in the upper urinary tract (UUT). We evaluated the prognostic factors of primary invasive bladder cancer that may predict a metachronous UUT TCC after radical cystectomy. The records of 476 patients who underwent radical cystectomy for primary invasive bladder TCC from 1989 to 2001 were reviewed retrospectively. The prognostic factors of UUT TCC were determined by multivariate analysis using the COX proportional hazards regression model. Kaplan-Meier analysis was also used to assess the variable incidence of UUT TCC according to different risk factors. Twenty-two patients (4.6%). developed metachronous UUT TCC. Multiplicity, prostatic urethral involvement by the bladder cancer and the associated carcinoma in situ (CIS) were significant and independent factors affecting the occurrence of metachronous UUT TCC (P = 0.0425, 0.0082, and 0.0006, respectively). These results were supported, to some extent, by analysis of the UUT TCC disease-free rate by the Kaplan-Meier method, whereby patients with prostatic urethral involvement or with associated CIS demonstrated a significantly lower metachronous UUT TCC disease-free rate than patients without prostatic urethral involvement or without associated CIS (log-rank test, P = 0.0116 and 0.0075, respectively). Multiple tumors, prostatic urethral involvement and associated CIS were risk factors for metachronous UUT TCC, a conclusion that may be useful for designing follow-up strategies for primary invasive bladder cancer after radical cystectomy.